Argyle & Tuckman’s Theories of Communication

This assignment will discuss two well known theories of effective communication. Firstly it will look at Michael Argyle (1972), the cycle of communication and then it will discuss Bruce Tuckman (1965) stages of communication. Michael Argyle (1972) looks at the cycle of communication which involves six stages this is about sending receiving and the decoding of messages between individual and also groups. 1.An ideas occurs – when one has thought of an idea that they want to express with another person/s2.Message coded – when the idea has been thought through, there is a thought process of how this idea is going to then be communicated. There is a thought as to how this message is going to express it, as it could be through language, writing, sign or symbols or whatever it may be.3.Message sent – articulate the message, may it be verbal, written, sign or use what would be most appropriate in order to communicate effectively.4.Message received – when the messa ge has been heard or seen, depending on how the message was sent in the first place.5.Message decoded – this is where the person who had received the message is starting to make sense of the message. As one tries to decode the message is received is at this point where they can miss interpret the message.6.Message understood – providing that all goes well the initial idea is then understood but sometimes this doesn’t always happen. Once there is understanding thenBruce Tuckman’s (1965), stages of communication looks at how a group of people have to develop their behaviour in order to become an effective group, all to reach a common goal. His sequential theory has four stages of communication. 1.Forming – has been considered to be the introduction stage, where it is not clear to the group what their purpose is. At the same time they put one another under scrutiny as they are not too familiar with each other, so there in not much in the way of trust either. So as a result of this some may not be happy with the idea. Some may be feeling frustrated where as others may just have some issues about working with  particular people. There could be a lack of values and some prejudices may possibly be expressed initially to some members of the group.2.Storming – when putting certain characters together that usually don’t work with one another, it at this stage where the competition is rife as there is a power struggle within the group as some may try to change the team’s mission. This could result in arguments about how the group is going work and what roles each member will be having. Eventually the team itself could splint. As a result of putting different people together, the group begins to form relationships with each other and can sometimes for smaller group. This causes the lack of motivation, anxiety and frustration resulting in the groups failure to complete the mission.3.Norming – during this stag e the trust and respect is developing amongst the members of the group, since it becomes clear that each member has a role and they are aware of what their role will be. As a result of them coming together with a common goal they all have a shared expectation of each other, which is known as norm. They have fully established norm, a set of common beliefs and values. Individuals become more motivated and commitment is demonstrated with each member of the group, whilst the team is being creative. The group now have a fully defined purpose and so success begins to flow within the group.4.Performing – the group now demonstrates that actually they are able to perform the task effectively as members feel comfortable, at ease and have a sense of belonging to the group as a whole. There is a high sense of morale as the group experience high levels of trust, pride and support from each other and so now this group begin to feel that their performance has been of better-quality.More oft en than not I believe that the patterns of behaviour do actually arise in some individuals. There are those that are more extreme than others, whereas some are less extreme but none the less this does not suggest that people cannot work well together. According to Tuckman’s theory these stages can be very effective in breaking down the barriers of  communication within a group of individuals that have a common goal. With Argyle’s theory it is agreed that this very process does actually taken place when communication but at the same time it could easily breakdown when the message has been misunderstood of misheard.

The Environment And Effect On Human Health Environmental Sciences Essay

Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a group of manmade chemicals. They make up a group of two hundred and nine person chlorinated biphenyl rings, known as congeners. In the concentrated signifier, PCBs are oily liquids, oily solids, and clear to yellow in colour. ( EPA, 2012 ) . They have no odor or gustatory sensation. ( EPA, 2012 ) . They are really stable mixtures that are immune to extreme temperature and force per unit area. They have a low grade of responsiveness. PCBs are non flammable, have high electrical opposition, and are good dielectrics. ( Barbalace, 2002 ) PCBs were seen as an industrial discovery, because of its chemical belongingss. Before their prohibition in 1979, Polychlorinated biphenyls entered the environment during their industry and us in the United States. The organic chemicals were foremost manufactured by Monsanto in 1929. Prior to their prohibition, PCBs were used in 100s of industrial and commercial applications, as electrical dielectrics. Uses for PCBS included transformers, electrical equipment, hydraulic fluids, oil based pigment, carbonless C paper, compressors, heat transportation systems, pigments, adhesives, liquid cooled electric motors, fluorescent bulbs, overseas telegram insularity, plastic, and the list goes on. ( EPA, 2012 ) . Domestic utilizations included cereal boxes and bread negligees. Because of its function in prevent fires and an detonation, the chemical was required by fire codification. PCBs were seen as the ideal dielectric for companies and consumers. The qualities that make PCBs wanted by consumers and companies are besides the 1s that make it risky to the environment and human wellness. PCBs ‘ high thermal and chemical opposition means they do non interrupt down easy when exposed to heat or chemical interventions doing it to be difficult to acquire out of the environment. Since they do non interrupt down they remain in the environment and go on to construct up. Today, the chemicals can still be released in the environment through spills, leaks, and improper disposal and storage. More than half of the PCBs produced during 1929-1979 have been released into the environment. ( Barbalace, 2012 ) . Although PCBs are no longer commercially manufactured or widely used, there are still ways people can be exposed to concentrated Polychlorinated Biphenyls. The most common exposures include through nutrient, surface dirts, imbibing and land H2O, indoor air, and in the workplace. PCBs are an organic pollutant. Companies that used the substance contaminated the environment through its utilizations and disposals. In 1935, the Monsanto Company purchased the Theodore Swann chemical company and began fabricating PCBs in the United States. Monsanto continued to bring forth PCBs at its Anniston works until 1971. ( Lyons, 2004 ) . During its 40 old ages of fabricating PCBs as an electrical dielectric, the Monsanto Company flushed 10s of 1000s of lbs of PCBs into nearby brook and buried 1000000s more lbs in a hillside landfill. ( Lyons, 2004 ) . The Monsanto Company was sued by 1000s of current and former occupants of Anniston, who claim the company was cognizant of the dangers posed by PCBs and actively schemed to conceal this information from the nearby populace. ( Firestone, 2002 ) . In 1966, Monsanto directors discovered fish near the waste sites turned belly side up spirting blood and tear uping tegument, within 10 seconds of the PCBs disposal. ( Firestone, 2002 ) . The company hid their findings. In 1969, fish were found with 7500 times the legal PCB degree. ( Grunwald, 2002 ) . Company records reveal the company ‘s determination that â€Å" there was no ground to travel to expensive extremes in restricting discharge organize the works † . ( Grunwald, 2002 ) . The company was ordered to pay $ 53 million in killing cost and agreed to a planetary colony affecting current and future instances in Alabama. ( Lyons, 2004 ) . There are legion known contaminated sites around the U.S. Among the most unsafe of these, A is the Hudson River Valley. In 1947-1977, General Electric ( GE ) began dumping PCB in the river. By the prohibition in 1979, an estimated 1.3 million lbs of the man-made chemical had entered the Hudson river. The Hudson River was contaminated with PCB pollution. Twenty old ages subsequently, functionaries still have to cover with the environmental consequence of PCBs in the bedrocks of the Hudson River. ( Mele, 1998 ) . PCBs are now found throughout the Hudson River ecosystem, in in deposit, H2O, and wildlife. ( Mele, 1998 ) . The spread of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the nutrient concatenation has created one of the most widespread, risky waste jobs in the nation.A The EPA ordered the General Electric Company to pay 460 million dollars to dredge the PCBs it had dumped into the Hudson River. ( Grunwald, 2002 ) . The Environmental Protection Agency Prevention regulates PCBs through the Toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA ) . The Act bans the usage, distribution, industry, and processing of PCBs. TSCA gives EPA the authorization to develop and implement ordinances refering the industry, usage, killing, and proper disposal of PCBs. ( EPA, 2012 ) . Through the environment, worlds came into contact with the chemical. Polychlorinated Biphenyls are linked to legion wellness jeopardy. It has an acute toxic affect. Skin annoyances can happen in people exposed to high degrees of PCBs. Studies in the workplace suggest that exposure to PCBs may besides do annoyance of the nose and lungs. PCBs are a likely human carcinogen. EPAA?s ordinances on cancer-causing chemicals use the term `probableA? when a chemical is known to do malignant neoplastic disease in animate beings and where there is grounds that suggests that it causes malignant neoplastic disease in worlds but which is non conclusive. Surveies of PCBs in worlds have found increased rates of malignant neoplastic disease patients that may be connected to the man-made chemical. PCBs are known to do a assortment of types of malignant neoplastic disease in rats, mice, and other survey animate beings. ( EPA, 2012 ) Polychlorinated Biphenyls are linked to developmental effects. Proper development of the nervous system is critical for early acquisition and can hold potentially important deductions for the wellness of persons throughout their life-times. ( EPA, 2012 ) . Womans exposed to PCBs before or during gestation can give birth to kids with important neurological and motor control jobs. These jobs include lowered IQ and hapless short-run memory. ( EPA, 2012 ) . PCBs disrupt endocrine map. PCBs with merely a few Cl atoms can mime the bodyA?s natural endocrines. PCBs are besides thought to play a function in decreased sperm figure, reformed sex variety meats, pubescence, and altered sex ratios of kids. PCBs with more Cl atoms act like dioxins in changing the metamorphosis of sex steroids in the organic structure, which change the normal degrees of estrogens and testosterone. PCBs besides upset the balance of thyroid endocrines, which may impact the growing, rational, and behavioural development. ( EPA, 2012 ) . PCBs are found throughout the environment, and it may be impossible to avoid coming into contact with Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Peoples can seek avoiding contact with contaminated dirts and deposits. ( Wisconsin, 2012 ) . Practice good hygiene wonts. Restrict their ingestion of sport-caught fish. Wash fruits and veggies before eating them. Besides, if any member of the family works with old electrical equipment be certain the equipment is decently maintained and the country is good ventilated. ( Wisconsin, 2012 ) . Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a chemical that will non travel off. The Environmental Protection Agency is seeking their best to free the environment of its effects. The features of the man-made drug cause it to be transported easy and difficult to interrupt down. The drug has caused damaged to the environment, and the people around the environment. Polychlorinated Biphenyls will hold a lifetime consequence on the environment and people. Beginnings Barbalace, Roberta C. â€Å" The Chemistry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. â€Å" A : PCB, The Manmade Chemicals That Wo n't Travel Away ( EnvironmentalChemistry.com ) . N.p. , n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemistry/pcb.html & gt ; . Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å" Polychlorinated Biphenyls. â€Å" A EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm & gt ; . Firestone, David. â€Å" Alabama Jury Says Monsanto Polluted Town. â€Å" A The New York Times. N.p. , 23 Feb. 2002. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; Alabama Jury Says Monsanto Polluted Town & gt ; . Grunwald, Michael. â€Å" Monsanto Held Liable For PCB Dumping. â€Å" A The Washington Post. Raw Food Info, 23 Feb. 2002. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; Monsanto Held Liable For PCB Dumping & gt ; . Lyon, Steve. â€Å" PCB Pollution in Anniston, Alabama. † Reading.A Commonweal. Professor Raquel Pinderhughes. San Francisco State Unversity. Urban Studies and Environmental Programs, 2004. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.commonweal.org/programs/brc/ppt-presentations/Anniston_AL_PCB.pdf & gt ; . â€Å" Human Health Hazards – PCBs and Your Health. â€Å" A Human Health Hazards – PCBs and Your Health. N.p. , n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/eh/hlthhaz/fs/pcblink.htm & gt ; . The Hudson River PCB Story – A Toxic Heritage. Dir. Andy Mele. W. Alton Jones Foundation, 1998. Short Film.A The Hudson River PCB Story – A Toxic Heritage. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clearwater.org/pcb.html & gt ; . â€Å" What Are The Human Health Effects Of PCBs? â€Å" A What Are The Human Health Effects Of PCBs? A N.p. , n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clearwater.org/news/pcbhealth.html & gt ; .

Analysis of fast fashion

Analysis of fast fashion Fast Fashion has been explored within the context of supply chain management (Ko and Kincade, 1997; Fiorito et al., 1995,1998; Sohal et al., 1998; Perry and Sohal, 2000; Guercini,2001; Azuma, 2002; Mattila et al., 2002; Birtwistle et al., 2003; Lee and Kincade, 2003). According to Barnes, L. and Lea-Greenwood, G. (2006, p259) â€Å"fast fashion is a business strategy which aims to processes involved in the buying cycle and lead times for getting new fashion product into stores, in order to satisfy consumer demand at its peak.† Saren,M. (2006) points out fast fashion refers to the time scale that exists between the emergence of a new fashion trend and the time it takes for a company to respond to that trend by having the product available in the market for sale. A commitment to fast fashion puts considerable strain on an organization. It requires that they are totally up to date with consumer trends and developments as these emerge and that they be fully prepared to respond to these developments with new product ranges in advance of their competition (Saren, M, 2006). Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2010) states fast fashion is the company can recognize and respond to fashion trends very quickly, create products that mirror the trends, and get those products onto shelves much faster and more frequently than the industry norm. 2.1.1 The characteristics of Fast Fashion In recent years, the fast fashion rise rapidly to become the new bright spot in the world’s clothing market. Fast fashion is a term used to describe clothing collections which are based on the most recent fashion trends presented at Fashion Week in both the spring and the autumn of every year (Muran, L, 2007). One of the biggest retail success stories of the past decade has been the phenomenal rise of fast fashion, a shopping trend spurred by rapidly changing styles and the ready availability of cheap brands (Barrie, L, 2010). The characteristics of fast fashion are ‘fast’ and ‘fashion’, by capturing fashion quickly, launch new fashion design quickly, product updates quickly at a lower price to meet consumer’s demand for access to fashion. The growth in the fast fashion industry â€Å"seems to be phenomenal† (Arvind Singhal, 2010). The reason of the development of fast fashion increasing and soon occupied the market, the main characteristics are: compared with the traditional clothing brands, the product development of fast fashion to the market is short, with the flow and not create trends, seasonal design rather than to go further the design, focusing on breadth rather than depth of products and with frequently new product in the market. Fast fashion can also be treated as the inevitable backlash by consumers against the homogenization of the retail industry (Mya, F, 2006). Fast fashion, an evolving retail trend that has store chains filling their racks with new, gotta-have-it merchandise (Erin, W, 2004). The aim of fast f ashion is specifically at a culture of rapid purchasing and disposal (Fast Fashion, 2007). Fast fashion may be moving too fast for customers to keep up (Wilson, E and Barbaro, M, 2006). As everything is getting faster, which including fashion, but Robin Anson (2010) argues that there are still few things that influence fast fashion, he says that â€Å"fast fashion can’t happen without facilitators, while low prices might encourage more purchases, to get low prices you need low labour costs, low raw material costs, and high productivity – but the quality must still be good.† According to Lovejoy, J (2007), the characteristics of fast fashion are: Primary emphasis is speed with fashion

Architecture and Avant-garde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Architecture and Avant-garde - Essay Example The notions of avant-garde architecture provided with an underpinning of modern architecture. The avant-garde architecture gave birth to a German association of architects, designers, and industrials Deutscher Werkbund, meaning German Work Federation, which later on proved to be a springboard for modern industrial architectural designs. Moreover, the notions of avant-garde architecture have now raised the bar for modern architecture. The formation of Deutscher Werkbund in 1907 lead the way to the creation of the Bauhaus school, also originated in Germany in 1919, themed on the rejection of history and viewed architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology. The idea behind architectural avant-garde was to abolish the superseded architectural designs of pre-World War I era and espouse the designs which suit the post-war era and new economic order. Avant-garde architecture paradigm has influenced modern architects and their approach to building design. This has propounded arch itectural themes such as structuralism, post-structuralism, rationalism, empiricism, and phenomenology. Avant-garde approach of architecture relies heavily on reducing buildings to pure forms, removing historical references, and ornament in favor of functionalist details. The United States of American has seen one of its greatest modern (avant-garde) architects in the shape of Ieoh Ming Pei. The Chinese-born American architect is regarded as an icon in modern architectural designs. He is the recipient of the AIA Gold Medal.... Ieoh Ming Pei - American Avant-garde Architect The United States of American has seen one of its greatest modern (avant-garde) architects in the shape of Ieoh Ming Pei. The Chinese-born American architect is regarded as an icon in modern architectural designs. He is the recipient of the AIA Gold Medal, the Alpha Rho Chi Medal, the MIT Traveling Fellowship, and the Wheelwright Traveling Fellowship. Pei is deemed as an expert in the use of steel, grass, concrete, and stone for designing skyscrapers and modern business complexes (I. M. Pei Biography, Bio and Profile from Netglimse.com). The Pritzker Prize-winning (Pritzker Prize: architecture's equivalent of the Pulitzer) architect went to Saint John's University, Shanghai before attending University of Pennsylvania at the age of 18. He completed Bachelor of Architecture from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1940 and was also a member of National Defense Research Committee. He was also trained at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (Official biography from Pei Cobb Freed & Partners website). During the late 1940's Pei joined Webb and Knapp as a Director of Architecture. He worked on many large-scale real estate development projects. Later on, in mid-1950's, Pei started his own real estate development enterprise. Ieoh Pei became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1954. During his more than 60-year long career as a modernist architect, Ieoh Pei designed some of the greatest models of modern architectures. They include: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado; Government Center Master Plan, Boston, Massachusetts; Society Hill Towers, Philadelphia, PA; 50 FAA air traffic control towers, in various locations throughout the US; National Airlines terminal at JFK

Preexisting Duty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preexisting Duty - Essay Example Likewise, if a party is already bound by contract to perform a certain duty, that duty cannot serve as consideration for a second contract. However, if, during performance of a contract, extraordinary difficulties arise that were totally unforeseen at the time the contract was formed, a court may allow an exception to the rule. In this case, Jones and DR entered the initial contract which Jones need to build a DR Drug Store for DR. The contract is valid since it had met the four requirements. However, in the second contract, which is a modification of the initial contract, the legally sufficient consideration was missing. What Jones promise to do in the second contract was to build the DR Drug Store, which they already have legal duty to do in the initial contract. Due to the preexisting duty rule, the second contract was not enforceable. Moreover, the accident that happened to Jones was not an unforeseen difficulty. Although the reason for the collapse of the trusses was not due to faults or deficiencies in the building plan prepared by Jones, as a construction company, they should have anticipated for unforeseen events or included clauses in their first contract such as the liquidated damages clause. Thus, Jones cannot argue about this

Chinese History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese History and Political Science - Essay Example Throughout the world of art, this piece of painting is symbolic and has symbolism that relates to the Chinese culture in various ways. In terms of nature and art, the paintings’ name; landscape, is a combination of two characters namely; water and mountains (Sullivan, 140). With such imprinted in the painting, it is safe to say that nature and art go hand in hand. They have a connection in that both can be represented as one. Water and mountains are natures’ products; they appear naturally and as such certain mountains and rivers are only present in specific places. When this is incorporated into art, then an exquisite piece is generated; one which combines both nature and art to bring out the desired effect onto the art lovers (Sullivan, 165). In terms of tradition, paintings in the Chinese tradition are painted by artists with creative minds in that they imagine what to draw. What they imagine is idealized into landscapes, and this includes mountains (Sullivan, 182). In the Chinese culture, mountains are a blessing, and they are considered good to a persons’ soul. It is this belief that makes the Chinese people love mountains since they are viewed to reach up to the heavens. Colors used also signify something, especially that of water. When green is used, it signifies spring time while jade is summer, blue is autumn and black means winter. Chinese landscape paintings are painted with consideration and significance to the village, seasons, event, age, relationships and taste (Sullivan, 203). The Japanese court painting is a painting that symbolizes the tradition and culture of the Japanese people also in a number of ways (Mason and Donald, 124). The painting dates back to when Buddhism and Taoism had influence over certain denominations. It came to be known as the Heian period, where art signified art and its courts.

UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT FAMILY AND CHILD WELFARE Research Paper

UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT FAMILY AND CHILD WELFARE - Research Paper Example Obstacles faced by clients in their bid to access services include poor transport network which hinders movement, lack of necessary facilities such as hospitals, schools and recreational services. Information barrier may hinder the clients from obtaining relevant information from the agencies. Some agencies do not conduct adequate follow-up with the clients thus hindering the effectiveness of the services being offered. There are a number of ways through which client care between different types of agencies can be improved so as to ensure proper delivery of services. One of the ways of improving service delivery is through case coordination which is composed of sharing of information, collaboration as well as communication among the management team, staffs and the clients between agencies involved in service delivery. The approach is composed of initiatives that are geared towards reduction of barriers towards service delivery, direct accessibility and increased linkages between agencies and the clients. Case coordination is makes service delivery to the clients more centered on them as it increases their ability to access service owing to the fact that their points of contact have been greatly improves. The process ensures increased accessibility of the case workers to their clients so that they can quickly deliver their services as well as issuing concrete report on areas that require quick inter vention. Case coordination enables the directors to obtain timely financial reports so that they can guarantee the agencies of continuous funding. The case managers who are charged with the responsibility of managing the agencies will be able to greatly increase their productivity since they will not a lot of administrative roles to play. The stakeholders in the agencies such as the policy-makers, service providers and case managers are charged with the responsibility of developing as well as designing od programs that are aimed

Gaz de France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gaz de France - Essay Example The interest rate also plays an important role. The prevalent interest of FF against USD will influence FF-USD forward exchange rate. The government budget also plays a role in the exchange market; a deficit in the budget increases foreign currency demand. Among listed parameters; account balance, foreign exchange reserves and government budget are considered as the core parameters. the period from 1980 to the 1st quarter of 1986. Both account balance, and foreign reserves decreased during years from 1980 to 1982. It would depreciate FF against USD, which is also confirmed by the increase in the deficit of the government budget. During the years from 1982 through 1985, an increase in the current account and foreign reserves were observed; however, the budget deficit during the same time kept increasing. This trend would further depreciate the French Franc. Budget deficit considerably decreased in the 1st quarter of 1986 with respect to 1985; this will appreciate the Franc. A combined analysis of trend of account balance, foreign reserve and budget deficit explains that depreciation rate will be substantial during the years from 1980 through 1984, which will slow down in 1985 demonstrating further appreciation of FF in the subsequent year with respect to the previous years. The exchange rate between two currencies is influenced by various parameters. This assignment has selected three parameters; current account, foreign exchange reserves and government budget. The set forth above section presented a forecast of the behavior of the FF-USD exchange rate. The attached graph displays the movement of the real exchange rate for years from 1980 to the 1st quarter of 1986, which confirms the forecasted behavior. The FF depreciated from 1980 to 1982 because all three parameters; budget, balance and reserve show decrease in values from 1980 through 1982. The current balance and reserves showed an in increase from 1982 to 1985, but the budget deficit showed

Technology Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Evaluation - Case Study Example Analysis of its environment identifies diversified issues such as security and technology issues, operational issues, and interoperability issues and development of an application of Oracle database is one of the recommended security measures against the issues. Evaluation of the technology’s capabilities, costs, maintenance requirements, flexibility, and feasibility is however necessary before implementing the technology for Bank Solutions Inc. Version 12c of the Oracle database is recommended for addressing the organization’s identified issues and the technology’s diverse capabilities supports its selection. One of the technology’s features, which also establish its capability to address the issues, is its architecture that allows for cloud operations. With the technology, Bank Solutions Inc. is able to consolidate its data from different data centers, for effective and centralized management. This does not however operate in the construct of centralized management because cloud computing allows for decentralized management with a centralized supervisory role. In addition to the cloud computing capability, the technology has â€Å"inn-memory data processing capabilities† that would facilitate storage and delivery aspect of the company’s scopes of business (Oracle, n.d., p. 1). Oracle Company also explains that performance and security capabilities are major characteristics of Oracle data base 12c. The technology also optimizes operations and ensures real-time enterprise delivery. Oracle’s general grid database architecture also identifies the technology’s ability to integrate data center and central management, on a demand basis, to ensure flexibility in data management (Oracle1, 2014). There are different offers for Oracle 12c technology and these range by product type and services rendered. Major product types are the standard edition,

Finding a solution to the cancer rate in pottstown, Essay

Finding a solution to the cancer rate in pottstown, - Essay Example Often, the effects of draining waste or spilling industrial waste, into rivers affect the health of living things such as aquatic life and other non-aquatic living things that depend on the contaminated water. It is obvious that chemicals that find their way in the water can cause cancer in people who consume this water. In effect, this explains the growing number of people diagnosed with cancer over the world, which implies that the city of Pottstown is not an exception. In this case, the city’s cancer rate has been increasing at an abnormal rate, and it is incumbent about the authorities to ensure that there were efforts aimed at extenuating the rate of cancer in the city. Since cancer rates are abnormally high in the city of Pottstown, the city government of Pottstown needs stricter rules to protect the water supply from chemicals that cause cancer. According to Dr. Jeffrey Griffiths, â€Å"Health risks in drinking water are increasing, not declining, but we are not equipped to assess them from a public health surveillance standpoint† (as cited in League of Women Voters, 2005, p. 1). In this case, the measures that governments took to ensure public safety and health were not adequate since they lacked the capacity in carrying out efficient inspection regarding the quality of water human beings consumed. It is the responsibility of the city government to ensure that the quality of water residents consumed was free of waterborne diseases. However, Griffiths noted that the public health system appears overwhelmed with its resources stretched thin while the Center for Disease Control, which backs the efforts of the state government, face budget cuts (as cited in League of Women Voters, 2005, p. 1). In effect, the failure to have effective systems meant to ensure public safety implies that the public remains unaware of the pr esence of harmful chemicals or waterborne diseases present in the water

This Book is Not a Tree Essay Example for Free

This Book is Not a Tree Essay The introduction of this book talks about how the things in our home are harmful to the environment. The author gives examples on these things and these things range from a rubber shoes to a chair up to a computer. The author points out that there is no such thing as recycling, but we ‘downcycle’ these things. We use harmful chemicals to ‘recycle’ things. However, the author mentions that consumers should not be guilty of buying these things. The manufacturers should bear the burden of making their products environment friendly. They should be the one to change their processes to make their products less harmful. The author also comments that these manufacturers should not focus on mere changing the raw materials that they use but to focus on creating something good in their industries. A Question of Design Here, the negative side of the Industrial Revolution is presented by the author. There are many chemicals that the industrials have been using in manufacturing goods. They are always promising that they are looking for a more environment friendly substances but they are not doing anything about it. As a result, many people are getting sick because of these industrials. Pollution has become rampant, too. That is why these industrials should be banned in using harmful chemicals. Why Being Less Bad is No Good This article talks about how the industrial companies are doing anything to be environment friendly. They are trying to promote recycling of waste materials or to ‘downplay’ the use of chemicals in their production. However, these methods do not prove to be successful. In recycling materials, there are still chemicals that are used to transform the waste products. This proves that there is no such thing as efficiency in the industrial companies. They will just continue to use harmful chemicals in recycling wastes and other resources. That is ‘why being less bad is no good’. It is not possible that the industrial companies are using less raw materials in their production and that they can still maximize their profits. What they could do is to think of other ways in which their waste products have other uses. Eco-Effectiveness This part talks about how the industrials should make â€Å"healthy goods and healthy byproducts. † The author gives an example of how a simple building design could enrich the environment. Natural lighting, good views, and fresh air are just some of the things that the designer should put into consideration when designing buildings. This will help in getting the building to be environment friendly because the use of electricity will be minimized and the employees will be inspired with the good views. The industrial companies should be like this, too. They should put into consideration the renewable resources that they could use in replacement of the nonrenewable resources that they are using.

The Crucible, by Arthur Miller | Analysis of Abigail

The Crucible, by Arthur Miller | Analysis of Abigail Obvious Faults In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller. In the play, Abigail Williams is the main character in the book. She has worked at John Proctors house as a maid, she also love John and has an affair with John Proctor. She is 17 years old in the book, but her true age is 11 years old. Abigail is a mean and vindictive people who make the wrong decisions, and hurts anyone to get what she wants; John Proctor. Her faults are quite obvious, she does deserve the blame for the outcome of the play. Abigail loves John Proctor, but John has a wife, Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail is very jealous of Elizabeth. So,she uses witchcraft to frame Elizabeth. She really hope Elizabeth die, if Elizabeth died, she will be the only lover for John. Abigail williams is a person that living under the very stern leadership of her uncle (Reverend Parris), and hoping for a life with John, she falsely believes her all contribute in love to making her into the spiteful character she becomes. Abigail is a very vindictive person who always want her things, no matter who she hurts,she also never care for anybody except John Proctor. Abigail has a conversation with John in Act I: I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot! You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! (22). Abigail always imagined John Proctor would be hers and love her, because she has an affair with John before. But John Proctor didnt want to betray to his wife Elizabeth. Elizabeth will not trust John again, because his earlier deceit: I am only wondering how I may prove what she [Abigail] told me, Elizabeth. If the girls a saint now, I think it is not easy to prove shes fraud, and the town gone so silly. She told it to me in a room alone-I have no proof for it. [] Then let you not earn it (52). Abigail not only love John Proctor, she also think John love her too. Abigail believes she is worthy of Proctors love, and that Elizabeth is not. Proctor had an affair with Abigail in seven months in the beginning of the play. John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth used Abigail to be a maid in their house, to help their homework, until Elizabeth found the affair between John and Abigail, then she threw the maid out. Although John told she that the affair was over and he also never touch her again, she tried to rekindle their love and romance. Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before Ill ever reach for you again. (23) She claims that she loved John and that he loved her too. Before the play began, Abigail tried to kill Elizabeth with a curse.ABIGAIL: Gah! Id almost forgot how strong you are, John Proctor! PROCTOR, looking at Abigail now, the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face: Whats this mischief here?[] PROCTOR: No, no, Abby. Thats done with (9). Abigail and John both have lies, they lie other pe ople about their relationship and their past. Abigail not only believes she is worthy of Proctors love, she also frames Elizabeth Proctor for witchcraft. Abigail is very ruthless and cunning when she frames Elizabeth Proctor for witchcraft. During Elizabeths illness, Abigail took advantage of Johns insecurity and loneliness to seduce him. She also think she is Johns true love and his ideal choice to be his wife. She believes only Elizabeth die, she can marry with John and achieve her fantasy. In Act I, Abigail tries to protect herself: And make this, Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know that I can do it (20). Abigail used threat of violence to make other girls beliefs some real witchcraft, then keep them in a same line together. John reveals Abigails true desire and jealousy in the church: PROCTOR, breathless and in agony: It [Abigail] is a whore! DANFORTH, dumfounded: You charge-? ABIGAIL: Mr. Danforth, he is lying! PROCTOR: Mark her! Now shell suck a scream to stab me with but-[] God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whores vengeance, and you must see it now (89). John said Abigail is a whore to seduce him, then he thinks he has a dear good wife, he cant betray his wife. So, Abigail cant restore John, then vengeance John and Elizabeth. Arthur Miller describes Abigail Williams in The Crucible is a vindictive and manipulative girl. She decisive in making the wrong decisions, she always hurts other people who around her then to get what she wants, she really want to get John Proctor. So, that is why she always uses conspiracy to framed Elizabeth. She also a poor girl who just want to find a true love and a man.But, her faults are quite obvious, so she does deserve the blame for the outcome of the play.

Expenditure Cycle

Expenditure Cycle Learning Outcomes Describe and discuss the business activities that related to data processing operations that performed in the expenditure cycle and identify the information needed to make those decisions. Spot and dealing with the major threats and estimate the adequacy of various control procedures in the expenditure cycle. Understand and familiar with a data model (REA diagram) of the expenditure cycle. Introduction What Should You Know!! The Expenditure Cycle The expenditure cycle involves interactions with your suppliers. You buy goods or services and pay cash. The primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of acquiring and maintaining inventory, supplies, and services. Also to ensure that all goods and services are ordered as needed, receive and verify that they are in good condition as were ordered. Accounting for expenditures is an answer for all questions related to activity in any organization. Accounting entities have increased requirements due to budgetary reporting needs and the variety of different fund types related to the expenditure cycle. The recording of expenditure related transactions must be carefully monitored and controlled to meet these requirements. Objectives of the Expenditure Cycle The primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of acquiring and maintaining inventory, supplies, and services. Other objectives related to expenditure cycle: To ensure that all goods and services are ordered as needed To receive all ordered goods and verify that they are in good condition To safeguard goods until needed To ensure that invoices pertaining to goods and services are valid and correct To record and classify the expenditures promptly and accurately To post obligations and cash disbursements to proper suppliers’ accounts in the accounts payable ledger To ensure that all cash disbursements are related to authorized expenditures To record and classify cash disbursements promptly and accurately Figure 3.1: Context Diagram of the Expenditure Cycle Figure 3.2: Level of Expenditure Cycle Basic Activities for Expenditure Cycle There are three basic activities performed in the expenditure cycle are: 1. Ordering goods, supplies, and services the Key decisions in this process involve identifying what, when, and how much to purchase from whom to purchase. Weaknesses in inventory control can create significant problems on inaccurate records cause shortages and one of the key factors affecting this process is the inventory control method to be used. We will consider three alternate approaches to inventory control: Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)-traditional approach to managing inventory just in Time Inventory (JIT)*-seeks to reduce inventory levels by improving the accuracy of forecasting techniques Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)*-to minimize or eliminate inventory by purchasing or producing only in response to actual sales The order processing typically begins with a purchase request followed by the generation of a purchase order for inventory control system. The demanding to purchase goods or supplies is triggered by the inventory control function or an employee noticing a shortage. For advanced inventory control systems, initiate purchase were automatically requests when quantity falls below the reorder point. The need to purchase goods typically results in the creation of a purchase requisition. The purchase requisition is a paper document or electronic form that identifies: Who is requesting the goods Where they should be delivered When they’re needed Item numbers, descriptions, quantities, and prices Possibly a suggested supplier Department number and account number to be charged The purchase requisition is received by a purchasing buyer (Agent) in the purchasing department that typically performs the purchasing activity and the detail on the suppliers and the items purchased can be pulled from the supplier and inventory master files. A crucial decision is the selection of supplier and basic considerations are price, quality and dependability. Based on this three criteria’s, the supplier has should selected and identify a product so its can become part of the product inventory master file so the supplier does not have to be carried out and repeated every time for every purchasing for products that are seldom ordered. It’s also important to track and periodically evaluate supplier performance including data on purchase prices, rework and scrap costs and supplier delivery performance to make sure the process it’s done on time. Purchase Order A purchase order is a document or electronic form that formally requests a supplier to sell and deliver specified products at specified prices. The PO is both a contract and a promise to pay. It includes: Names of supplier and purchasing agent Order and requested delivery dates Delivery location Shipping method Details of the items ordered Multiple purchase orders may be completed for one purchase requisition if multiple vendors will fill the request. The ordered quantity may also differ from the requested quantity to take advantage of quantity discounts. Blanket Order A blanket order is a commitment to buy specified items at specified prices from a particular supplier for a set time period. Reduces buyer’s uncertainty about reliable material sources Helps supplier plan capacity and operations Information Technology on ordering In AIS, Information technology also can help and improve for efficiency and effectiveness of purchasing function based on time and cost using: Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) to transmit purchase orders vendor-managed inventory systems reverse auctions pre-award audits procurement cards for small purchases 2. Receiving and storing these items The receiving department is responsible to accepts deliveries from vendor or suppliers and reports it to warehouse manager that who reports to Vice President (VP) of Manufacturing. Inventory stores department typically stores the goods and also reports to warehouse manager. The receipt of goods must be communicated to the inventory control function to update inventory records. The two major responsibilities of the receiving department are deciding whether to accept delivery and verifying the quantity and quality of delivered goods.The first decision is based on whether there is a valid purchase order is accepting an unordered goods wastes time, handling and storage. Verifying the quantity of delivered goods is really important so the company only pays for goods received and inventory records are updated accurately Companies must an effectively and clearly communicate with their staff especially receiving clerk so that all deliveries counting accurately. The receiving clerk need to sign receiving report, record the quantity received and also carefully examine each delivery for signs of obvious damage before routing the inventory to the warehouse. The receiving report is the primary document used in this process: It documents the date goods received, shipper, supplier, and Purchase Order (PO) number Shows item number, description, unit of measure, and quantity for each item Provides space for signature and comments by the person who received and inspected Receipt of services is typically documented by supervisory approval of the supplier’s invoice. When goods arrive; a receiving clerk compares the PO number on the packing slip with the open PO file to verify the goods were ordered. Then counts the goods Examines for damage before routing to warehouse or factory Three possible exceptions in this process: The quantity of goods is different from the amount ordered The goods are damaged The goods are of inferior quality If one of these exceptions occurs, the purchasing agent resolves the situation with the supplier and typically allows adjustment to the invoice for quantity discrepancies. If goods are damaged or inferior, a debit memo is prepared after the supplier agrees to accept a return or grant a discount. One copy goes to supplier, who returns a credit memo in acknowledgment and other copy to accounts payable to adjust the account payable and other one go to shipping to be returned to supplier with the actual goods. IT can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the receiving activity: Bar-coding RFID EDI and satellite technology Audits 3. Paying for these items There are two basic sub-processes involved in the payment process: Approval of vendor invoices-by the accounts payable department, which reports to the controller. The legal obligation to pay arises when goods are received and the basic approach for processing vendor invoices are non-voucher system and voucher system Actual payment of the invoices-Payment of the invoices is done by the cashier, who reports to the treasurer.The cashier receives a voucher package, which consists of the vendor invoice and supporting documentation, such as purchase order and receiving report. Internal Control for Expenditure Cycle Before we move on to discuss internal controls in the expenditure cycle, let’s do a brief review of the organization chart, including: Who does what in the expenditure cycle To whom they typically report Purchasing: selects suitable suppliers and issues purchase orders. Receiving: decides whether to accept deliveries and counts and inspects deliveries. Inventory Stores: stores goods that have been delivered and accepted. Account Payable: approves invoices for payment Cashier: Issues payment to vendors. Figure 3.3: Partial organization chart for units involved in expenditure cycle In the expenditure cycle, Accounting Information System (AIS) should provide internal and external controls to ensure that the following objectives are met: All transactions are properly authorized All recorded transactions are valid All valid and authorized transactions are recorded All transactions are recorded accurately Assets are safeguarded from loss or theft Business activities are performed efficiently and effectively The company is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations All disclosures are full and fair Threat and Control There are several actions a company can take with respect to any cycle to reduce threats of errors or irregularities. These include: Using simple, easy to complete documents with clear instructions Using appropriate application controls, such as validity checks and field checks Providing space on forms to record who completed and who reviewed the form Pre-numbering documents to encourages recording of valid and only valid transactions. Restricting access to blank documents (reduces risk of unauthorized transaction). The threats that may arise in the three major steps of the expenditure cycle, as well as general threats, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) related threats, and threats related to purchases of services. Before we discuss specific threats, it may be helpful to have some background on a form of occupational fraud and abuse which is broadly referred to as corruption. Corruption cases often involve arrangements between a company’s purchasing agent and a sales representative for one of the company’s vendors. The vendor’s representative may try to induce the purchasing agent to buy goods that are over-priced, inferior quality. Aren’t even needed and also aren’t even delivered. In exchange, the vendor’s rep typically offers the purchasing agent something of value. That â€Å"something† might be money, payment of a debt, a job offer, an expensive vacation, or anything the purchasing agent might value. According to the Fraud Examiner’s Manual published by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, these schemes usually take four forms: Bribery Conflict of interest Economic extortion Illegal gratuities Information Needs for Expenditure Cycle: Information is needed for the following operational tasks in the expenditure cycle, including Deciding when and how much inventory to order Deciding on appropriate suppliers Determining if vendor invoices are accurate Deciding whether to take purchase discounts Determining whether adequate cash is available to meet current obligations Information is also needed for the following strategic decisions based on setting prices for products/services, establishing policies on returns and warranties, deciding on credit terms, determining short-term borrowing needs and planning new marketing campaigns. The AIS needs to provide information to evaluate purchasing efficiency and effectiveness, supplier performance, time taken to move goods from receiving to production and percent of purchase discounts taken. Both financial and operating information are needed to manage and evaluate these activities. Both external and internal information are needed when the AIS integrate information from the various cycles, sources, and types, the reports that can be generated are unlimited. They include reports on: Supplier performance Outstanding invoices Performance of expenditure cycle employees Number of POs processed by purchasing agent Number of invoices processed by A/P clerk Number of deliveries handled by receiving clerk Number of inventory moves by warehouse worker Inventory turnover Classification of inventory based on contribution to profitability We also know that an accountant should continually refine and improve these performance reports Summary In this subtopic, we really learned about the basic business activities and data processing operations that are performed in the expenditure cycle on: Ordering goods, supplies, and services Receiving and storing them Approving invoices and paying for them We also learned how IT can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these processes and learned about decisions that need to be made in the expenditure cycle and what information is required to make these decisions. This subtopic also discuss about the major threats that present themselves in the expenditure cycle and the controls that can mitigate those threats

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers fc

Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941, one of the biggest disasters in United States history occurred. Truthfully, this was and is, â€Å"’A date which will live in infamy.’†(Costello 1), but not for the bombing of Pearl Harbor, but for the trickery and the confusion used by the Government and Franklin D. Roosevelt. To him this was a chess game and Roosevelt sacrificed over 2400 American Seamen’s lives, thanks to his power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. By over-looking the facts of an attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt was able to control both the political and economic systems of the United States. Most of American life before the Pearl Harbor bombing believed in the idea of not participating in political or economic relations with other countries. Roosevelt knew this, and knew the only way United States countrymen would stand up and fight in Europe’s War was to be a clear action against the United States. Roosevelt also thought Hitler would not declare war on the U.S. unless he knew they were beatable. There are several actions by Roosevelt and his armed forces advisors, which show they were aware of the attack by Japan, but they were also planning on it, and encouraging it. On October 7, 1940, Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum wrote the eight-action memo. The memo outlined eight different steps that the U.S. could do that he thought would lead to an attack by Japan on the United States. The day after this memo was given to Roosevelt, he began to use these steps. By the time that Japan finally attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, all eight steps had occurred (Willy 1). The eight steps were made of two main ideas; a sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack, and being a forceful control on Japans trade and economy. McCollum called for the United States to make plans with both Britain and Holland, to use military facilities and to gain supplies in both Singapore and Indonesia. He also thought for the use of a division of long-range heavy cruisers an d submarines. The last key factor that McCollum called for was to keep the United States in the area of the Hawaiian Islands. With the fleet located around Hawaii and mainly in Pearl Harbor, a double-sided sword was created. It helped quicker deployment times into South Pacific Water, but it also lacked many necessary military needs.

The NRA Killed Gun Control Legislation Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

The NRA Killed Gun Control Legislation By the year 2003, it is expected that firearms will cause the most injury-related deaths in the United States, surpassing even automobile accidents. Poll after poll have revealed that most Americans favor stricter gun control laws. Five recent suburban school shootings have demonstrated that when guns and kids mix, tragedy results. Yet gun control legislation remains at a standstill. The battle for stricter gun-control laws has not been without victories. In 1968, Congress passed the Gun Control Act in the wake of the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., President John F. Kennedy, and Senator Robert Kennedy. The law mandated stricter licensing requirements, prohibited the sale of handguns to out-of-state residents, and banned mail-order gun sales and the import of guns not "suitable or readily adaptable to sporting purposes." The 1984 Crime Control Act lengthened the minimum mandatory sentences given to those who carry and use armor-piercing bullets to commit violent crimes. In 1993, the Brady Bill was approved by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The law, named after James Brady, who was shot and paralyzed in the 1981 assassination attempt on President Reagan, requires a five-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns. The "Assault Weapons" ban of 1994, passed despite a massive campaign by the National Rifle Association (NRA), ba nned nineteen assault-type weapons, including the Street Sweeper, a 12-gauge shotgun that can be fully discharged in three seconds. The ban also covered many semiautomatic firearms. The NRA's bid to repeal the law was stymied in 1995, with the explosion of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, which killed 168 peopl... ...gun's owner may be required before the gun will fire; another technology would allow an owner to activate and deactivate his or her gun via remote control. If S.113 were to become law, it would be much more difficult for children and young adults under eighteen years of age to fire their parents', relatives', or friends' guns. New Jersey's S.113 sits presently in the Senate Law and Public Safety Committee - there are not enough votes to get the bill out of committee. Â  Although the NRA boasts several millions members and a great deal of money, polls show that they hold the minority view. The fact that they have helped prevent the passage of federal and state legislation that would promote more gun-control laws shows that the NRA's minority is a vocal one. If the majority becomes half as vocal, tragedies such as the school shootings can be avoided in the future.

Free Narrative Essays - I Was Poor, Not Low Class :: Example Personal Narratives

I Was Poor, Not Low Class Remember as a child people would tell you, "You are what you eat." When you are fed fat, you will become fat. When fed violence, you become violent. A diet of anger will make you hate. Hunger will make you hungrier, or so it would seem. I think it is ironic that we teach children at a young age to judge people by means other than the content of their character. Then, we expect children to be honest and loving after being labeled by how others view them. After all, how many people, besides your closest friends and family, can walk into your room and point to items that give a reflection of who you really are? The thought of being that shallow and simple is unthinkable for most of the human species. Instead of being labeled by the world as it sees me, I plan to introduce myself to the world for who I really am. I have eaten from the plate of materialism, only to find that it tasted foul in my mouth. I bought the high-end stereo and the large television. I soon realized these possessions made me feel guilty because I was ignoring my upbringing. I was betraying all of the feelings that I felt as a child in a poor family. Now, my walls are bare because I do not like to surround myself with propaganda. The same propaganda advertisers flaunted in front of me while I was growing up in a lower income family, not lower class. The notion that the country's population is separated into classes by wealth, with the least wealthy deemed the lower class, is repulsive to me. I refuse to conform to the typical American consumer stereotype who needs material possessions to feel validated, ever again. My dorm room is highlighted by a loft I built myself. The loft was not purchased from a hardware store or from a designer catalog. I used my carpentry knowledge and my own two hands to carefully construct the perfect loft. The loft does not symbolize convenience or organization as most may think. It is a symbol of my incredible independence, even to a fault.

Greco-Roman influence on Mediterranean Society Essay

Mediterranean society, a name manifesting proximity to Mediterranean Sea, flourished around 6th century BC and was dominated in its early years by Greek and Roman influence. Greek and Roman periods came sequentially and at times are collectively referred as Greco-Roman. This influence not only defined characteristics of Mediterranean society for many centuries that follow but also had articulate influences on contemporary societies in western world. Similarities between Greeks and Romans Both Greeks and Romans developed art with their own peculiarities. Forms of art like poetry, drama, mythology, philosophy and architecture defined these civilizations. These contributions are now also known as â€Å"classical antiquity† in history which Mediterranean society enjoyed during Greco-Roman period. Greeks and Romans also had strong military legacies. They both military might to counter any threat against their way of life. Romans also developed a strong naval legion which helped them strengthen their empires. Both Greeks and Romans developed agriculture with a focus on its commercial side and promoted trade. In religion, both did not enforce a universal religion instead promoted concept of tolerating other religious beliefs. Differences between Greeks and Romans Although historians at times refer to Greek and Roman periods in Mediterranean society’s history collectively, both have some clear differences in approach to society and governance. Greek culture is more towards lifestyle and seems to be more focused on development of a society. On the other hand, Roman civilization was oriented towards creating an empire of which Mediterranean region and society was a part. So, while Greeks had more cultural impact on Mediterranean society, Roman influence was more towards developing governance and systems. Politically, Greeks had a decentralized form of government with many city-states flourishing during their period. On the contrary, Romans developed an empire while developing less independent cities and more focus on creating specialized regions. Romans also were more focused on enhancing their empire while maintaining a strong linkage with developed transportation networks and administrative control. While Greeks gave Mediterranean society the philosophical works of Plato and Socrates, it was Romans who gave concept of governance, including civil service, public administration and tax collection. Greco-Roman influence on Western world Modern day politics has always been influenced by Greco-Roman influence on Mediterranean society. A broader case in point would be that modern political systems prevailing in many western countries mirror key elements from Greco-Roman period of Mediterranean. Roman concept of senate and Greek idea of city-state is sprawled around the globe as political systems. Further, concept of constitution and republic instigated in thoughts of Greek philosophers and was later materialized in Roman Empire. So much so, there is an intriguing presence of various elements in modern constitutions, which arguably were formulated by Greco-Roman. For instance, in United States constitution, President can only be a citizen born on American soil. This is akin to Roman concept of citizenship in which citizens having full rights were free, naturally-born, land-owning individuals. In art, contemporary art has genesis in Greco-Roman influence on Mediterranean world. For instance, architectural concept of Corinthian, Ionic or Doric columns which was developed in Greco-Roman period is basis of classical architecture in Western world. In order to govern a vast empire, Romans developed concept of public administration not known to human civilization and also created an extensive civil service and formalized methods of tax collection. These innovative concepts can still be found in Western world. Conclusion Greco-Roman influence on Mediterranean society had strong impact on human civilization. Both had differences but of lesser depth compared to strong similarities which existed in both civilizations. This is one of the reasons that for common understanding Greeks and Roman civilizations exist collectively in history under the label â€Å"Greco-Roman†. Bibliography Bentley, J. H. , Ziegler, H. F. , & Salter, H. S. (2010). Traditions & Encounters: A Brief Global History (2nd Edition ed. ). Virginia, United States of America: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Pomeroy, S. B. , Burstein, S. M. , Donlan, W. , & Roberts, J. T. (2007). Ancient Greece: A Political, Social and Cultural History. USA: Oxford University Press. Stearns, P. N. , Adas, M. B. , Gilbert, M. J. , & Schwartz, S. B. (2010). World Civilizations: The Global Experience. Prentice Hall.

Key Differences Between Nature And Nurture Theories Psychology Essay

Nature/Nurture I will be looking at the effects of Eminem’s life and relating it to nature or nurture. This debate has been around a long time. Gesell developed the maturation theory which is based on the nature side of the debate he believed that development was a result of maturation for example; learning to walk and puberty. Nature Nature refers to the characteristics we have due to our genetics and what biological traits we inherit. Physical similarities are usually inherited from your parents such as eye color and pigment of skin. This is due to nature. Certain illnesses can also be linked to nature such as breast cancer, this can be linked to family members. This will decrease the life expectancy of the person. It can also be said that we inherit our intellect for example, how intelligent and smart we are. It is said that if our parents are intelligent individuals we may too have the potential to be intelligent as this has been passed down in our genes. It is also the same as having a low IQ. We can also inherit personality traits due to nature, this can be either a calm and shy personality or an angry and violent one. It is thought that a child who has anger management issues or issues with violence may not always be acting as a result of growing up in that environment, this could be inherited through their genes passed down from one or both parents. Nurture Nurture refers to the environment that a person has grown up in. this is strongly linked to seeing your parents or other family members acting a certain way and copying it. It is said that children behave in a particular way as they have witnessed this going on around them. An example of this would be if they had grown up in violence they may learn this type of behavior and act upon it. They may not have grown up in a violent home but they may surround themselves with friends or a particular environment where violence is accepted and modeled. Maturation theory The maturation theory was first introduced by American Professor Dr. Arnold Gesell, the maturation theory refers to the physical and the mental growth of individuals, this growth is determined by Biology, genes, and the environment. Gesell declared that all children go through the same stages of development in the same sequence but each child will move through these stages at their own rate. Gesell believed that a child’s growth and development are influenced by both the environment that surrounds them and the person genes. He largely focused on the child’s physiological development. He called this process maturation which was mainly made up of and controlled by genes. According to Gesell, the rate that children develop is down to the growth of the child’s nervous system. As the nervous system grows, their minds develop and their behavior will change. Biological programming Biological programming is your genetics. Genes provide the instructions for structuring amino acids. Our body shape, size, behavior all depend on the interaction

Ben Hill Griffin Jr.-Entrepreneur Extraordinaire

It is said that not all millionaires are people born with silver spoons on their mouths. This is quite true for Ben Hill Griffin Jr. (October 20 1910 – March 1, 1990), former U. S. senator and entrepreneur extraordinaire. Mr. Griffin’s success is said to have been borne out of his industrious and friendly nature, while others have jokingly stated that this was due to his ability to control weather, as he was born when a hurricane was passing by Florida.Mr.  Griffin’s success has also nothing to do with his educational attainment, he did studied agriculture in University of Florida but he eventually left the institution without finishing his degree (â€Å"Ben Hill Jr. †, 2006).He claimed that he never had to finish his degree because he felt that he had learned all that is needed to be learned from the University. He eventually paid his respects to the University by donating about 20 million dollars for research despite not being able to finish his degree there.His success as a citrus and cattle magnate were also attributed to his honesty and hands-on approach on things, though he often says that his luck has also played a role on his success. His citrus empire started with a 10-acre orange grove which he received as a wedding gift from his father. He tended this grove up until it grew and expanded into one of California’s largest (Youngblood, 1998). Among his many achievements was the establishment of the Ben Griffin Inc. , being Chairman of the Board of Alico Inc., President of the Florida Citrus Processors Association and Chancellor of Florida Southern College (â€Å"The Great Floridians 2000 Program†, 2006) . He always placed his feet on the ground by thinking as a small-scale entrepreneur rather than a tycoon. He often claims that he would rather know what exactly happen sin his company rather than have a big staff and that he prefers to stick with his policies than adapt policies from â€Å"big companies†. Mr. Griffin is often heard telling his employees to â€Å"Work hard and save† and to â€Å"Start little and watch it grow† (Trussel, 1989).Politically, Mr. Griffin was a democrat and was known to be a member of the Florida Legislature for about 12 years, the Florida Senate for 4 years and finally in the Florida House of Representatives for 8 years. He lost to Reubin Askew in the bid for being the Governor of Florida in 1974 (â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin Jr. †, 2006). Despite this, he passed several bills regarding the marketing and improvement of the citrus industry during his time as a law-maker, earning him high regards as the foremost authority in citrus-growing. Mr. Griffin Jr.died in March 1, 1990 and his death was considered to be a great lost not only for the citrus industry but also to the State of California as well. A year before his death, he was named by Forbes Magazine as one of the 400 hundred richest Americans at that time (â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin Jrâ € , 2006). His legacy has been passed on to his son, Ben Griffin III when he was named as Chairman of the Board and CEO of Alico Inc. One of the many companies that his father established during his lifetime. Like his father, Ben Griffin III exhibited strong work values during his 14 year tenure in Alico Inc.Among Ben Griffin III accomplishments include the establishment of Florida Gulf Coast University’s site, the development of about 15,000 acres of sugar cane in Florida and the expansion of the company’s agricultural aspects (â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin III Steps Down as Chairman of Alico Inc. †, 2004). U. S. Representative Katherine Harris, Ben Hill Griffin’s granddaughter, on the other hand inherited his grandfather’s political sense. She now serves as a 2nd term house member of Florida’s 13th Congressional District (â€Å"Katherine Harris†, 2006).Ben Hill Griffin’s down-to-Earth nature and achievements are not only remember ed by his political colleagues but also by the people who are very close to him: his employees. As one employee puts it â€Å"If Mr. Griffin ain't fussing at you a little bit, he don't like you. † References â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin Jr†. Wikipedia. (2006). Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ben_Hill_Griffin â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin III Steps Down as Chairman of Alico Inc†. (2004). Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_Feb_26/ ai_113657585/print â€Å"Katherine Harris†. Wikipedia.(2006). Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Katherine_Harris#Trivia â€Å"The Great Floridian 2000 Program†. (2006). State of Florida. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. flheritage. com/services/sites/floridians/? section=f Trussel, Tait. (1989). The Last of the Citrus Barons-Ben Hill Griffin Jr. U. S. Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. findarticles . com/p/articles/mi_ m1154/is_n2_v77/ai_7002416/print Youngblood, Garret E. (1998). Ben Hill Griffin. The Ledger. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. theledger. com/static/top50/pages/griffin. html

Photography and Pinhole Camera

9/20/2011 11H | Rashad C. Collie| The Pinhole Camera| The Pinhole Camera| How to build a pinhole camera Materials needed:1. Ruler 2. Sturdy cardboard box 3. Black tape 4. Black paper 5. Black paint 6. No. 10 sewing needle 7. Craft knife 8. Aluminum foil 9. Film or photographic paper Instructions:1. Make sure your container is light-proof and allows no light leaks. Cover up any holes, cracks or crevices with black tape, but leave an opening such as a flap to insert and remove film. Boxes should be made of durable cardboard or stiff paper, and lids and flaps should close securely. . Black out your camera. Line the inside of the box with black paper to prevent reflections and to protect against unwanted light filtering through. Preventing light seepage is important, as the light you do allow in to the camera should be very controlled. 3. Cut a ? -inch hole opposite the box opening with a craft knife. Make the pinhole by puncturing a number 10 sewing needle through a small square of alum inum foil measuring about 3-by-2 inches, rotating the needle as you push it through. Stop pushing the needle through when it is halfway in. Tape the foil over the ? -inch hole on the inside of the box. Kodak recommends positioning the pinhole 3 to 6 inches from where the film will be placed. 4. Make the shutter by taping a piece of opaque black paper over the pinhole. You can make a shutter from wood or plastic by screwing it onto the body so that it covers the pinhole completely when not in use. 5. Load the film into the box in a completely darkened room. Use a small square of photographic paper or sheet film like Kodak Tri-X Pan Professional Film. A typical box arger than 3-by-4 inches will need film or paper that measures about 2? -by-3? inches; simply cut to size. Load the film so that the shiny (emulsion) side faces the pinhole. Tape the film or paper down at the corners so that it does not come loose. 6. Exposure refers to the amount of time that film or paper is exposed to light when taking the picture. Keep your camera as steady as possible when taking the picture; you may need to set it down on a flat surface. T he exposure time varies from 2 to 8 minutes for photographic paper and from 1 to 8 seconds for film. Choose the lower end of the spectrum for bright light conditions and the higher end for a cloudy day or dim lighting. Develop as normal. How does a pinhole camera work? A pinhole camera is a simple camera without lens and has a small hole to let light in called an aperture. A pinhole camera is an effectively light-proof with a small hole in one side. Light passes through the aperture and projects an upside-down image on the opposite side of the box. The smaller the hole the smaller and sharper the image will be that is projected.

Act Three Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Act Three - Assignment Example Young Brian stands very still, men in FBI jackets moving around him until the front door opens and his mother comes through the door. He runs into her embrace, but his eyes drift up to a picture of his father, indicating that his father vanished. His father was gone. His mother had been taken as a distraction, dropped off not far from their home, but Brian’s father had simply vanished with no clues for the FBI to follow. Brian grew into man, his heart always having belonged to Sophie, but the memory of his father remained as well. Brian and Sophia planned their wedding for months. Although they have been high school sweethearts and had been together for years, their excitement about their relationship never faded. All classmates knew that their love was genuine. Sophia’s parents were well up than those of Brian; they bought her a vehicle as a birthday present. Every morning, she would pick up Brian, the love of his life, as they headed to school. Weekends were the best. They went out for ice cream, saw movies, and nurtured the love that grew between them It seemed like a dream if not a joke, as the classmates’ gossiped saying that this was stupid of you. â€Å"Life is short party with everyone, now that you are not yet married,† do you remember the critics? Welcome sweetheart. Sophia has also introduced me to her elder sisters. It was a joyous moment welcoming a young brother into the family. I think our wedding will be the best, following the fact that I have the support from my two sisters and mother. I pray to have a happy family. I wish our father was here. I cannot believe that I get to marry you. They all made fun of us and called it puppy love. We prove that early love is sweet. My mother is happy for us, as they want the best from their son and you now as her daughter, so she promised to support this wedding. Wonderful! I approached my mum privately asking her on how to treat my future husband. She was amused by the question, but it was

An analisys of Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

An analisys of Management Accounting - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present the models and concepts affecting the pricing decisions taken by organizations, critically reflecting upon their usefulness. The price variable is the one of the significant ingredients in marketing mix of the organization. Price itself can effectively communicate with the consumers regarding the product or service. So, â€Å"when the pricing decision is made, the organization must consider several factors. These factors† such factor includes, Regulation of government, Perceptions in the market, supply, desired pricing position of the organization, demand and finally Competitors and Competition pricing policies. The final price of any product or service is influenced by various factors; these can be summarized into two that are internal and external factors. Internal Factors – Internal factors are those which are controllable by the organization and also, if required, it can be altered. Although, the company may have control ov er these internal factors creating a quick alteration is not always practical or realistic. For example, pricing of the product may depend closely on the efficiency of a manufacturing capability (e.g., how much can be manufactured in a certain time). External Factors - There are a numeral of influencing factors which are not restricted to the organization but will influence pricing decisions. The marketer needs to identify these factors to carry out various researches to observe what is happening in every marketplace that the organization serves, since result of these factors can change by marketplace. The Pricing Decision: As mentioned above, the pricing decision of the organization is impacted by various dissimilar factors. So, pricing decision at initial stage can be very time- consuming though these are exemptions. Normally pricing decision of the organization is complicated, hence it must involve the various cautions consideration of all these factors listed above to make a good decision. â€Å"The pricing strategy can be viewed as a function of competitive product quality and stage of the product life cycle† (Rashid et al. 1988, p. 194). Various models which influenced the pricing decision of the organizations are discussed below. Cost and Demand Oriented Pricing Models: In this model, organization uses demand or cost as a foundation for setting the price of the service or product. Traditionally, this type of orientation or model is applied to the theory of micro economics by forming demand curve on the basis of summation or outline of the person’s utility funct ions for consumers in the market. Thus, first thing is that to assess and identity the consumers perception regarding the product or services. Perception of the

Three short essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three short questions - Essay Example In such a state, government has no rights to deny its citizens the rights to do anything. Citizens are free to do anything and at any time. They are allowed to access any material and use any property so long as it does not affect anyone. The government in such a state has no rights to tax its citizens and to restrict its citizens from doing any form of business or activity. Nozick advocates for such a state and says it has respects for a person's moral rights (Wolterstorff & Cuneo 89). The next state is the welfare state where citizens are the source of the political will, and they are given the chance to participate in its formation, they are also, the subjects against which the institution will be judged, and they depend upon states free services, programs and general items for their satisfaction materially. I prefer the welfare state, as it has laws that guarantee persons' safety at all times. It is one in which the heads of the government so selected to rule over the subjects ha ve some responsibility to satisfy their citizens. The form of government in Europe differs with that in the United States in that, in Europe, there is use of democratic monarchy while, in the United States, they use welfare liberal democracy. Use of the monarchy system does not allow multiple parties to contest in an election. Only one royal family inherits the throne throughout the country’s history (Wolterstorff & Cuneo 78). Question # 2 Nikita is one of my favorite movie shows. It concerns a young girl who was abducted by a secret government body and trained to be an assassin, but she fled from them and started to work against them. In the movie, there are several artistic styles used. These qualify it as art. According to David Humes theory, every artistic thing, is good provided it is appealing to an individual (Ascott & Shanken 34). Individual tastes are acceptable and allowed to be referred to as art. Owing to this, the movie Nikita is a good art. Using the object cent ered theory, an art, is classified on the objects qualities and not what it represents or expresses. This also is in line with the movie as the objects used to pass the message are well organized and have good qualities. The progress of the movie is also well structured and this classifies the movie as being good. The next theory that art is judged against is in consideration of the limits of formalism. In this theory, any piece of art is rated against the qualities of the objects as well as the context and content. Considering Nikita as a piece of art, it actually passes this test as all characters are usually well groomed in accordance to the occasion and have quality content, which they deliver. I also rated art against expression. A good piece of art is supposed to be expressive. It should explain its meaning and the message in it by itself. It does not need explanations to be clear. According to Leo Tolstoy, art should also be emotional. The objects used should show emotions wi th every word and body movement used. Every body language used should show emotions. John Dewey, an American pragmatist, views art with reference to the writer’s thoughts and feelings. He gathered this from experience. He says that before a poet does any art, then it is

Technology and a Just Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Technology and a Just Society - Assignment Example As a point of departure, technology has influenced human life on the globe through diverse innovations, which have contributed to life transformation. When all classes of people in a society are treated equally, even the impact of technology is universal. It is realizable that, life takes a different dimension for various classes of people in a society when injustice is evident in embracing life-changing technological activities for the poor. For instance, Deborah and Wetmore argue that the technology of appliances pushed the servants to the corner, because they became unnecessary, and the servant class’s children began to go to college. This implies that they transformed into the middle class. This technological innovation represents a mixed blessing. First, it pushes the servants (employees) to the poor class and second, it propels the servant class to the middle class. According to Deborah and Wetmore, he thinks of pushing technological innovation towards a different and modern direction. Dyson asserts that technology should be pushed from that of making toys for the rich to the basic needs of the poor. Majority of the poor people would choose to live in the rural areas as long as the technology is applied to make the places rich. Dyson’s argument advances to the point of proposing that poverty can be reduced through three ways of technological developments, which includes solar energy, genetic engineerin g, and the internet. Advancement of this development will open up remote areas and consequent. On the other hand, the aspect of Embodiment and Virtuality is fundamental to changing the lives of people. In actual sense, expansion in technology contributes to the expansion of possibilities of the virtual such as surrogacy, cloning among others.

Pub industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pub industry - Case Study Example Certainly, this measure was applauded by the owners of the pubs and there are good reasons to expect the increase in the number of the customers. Another legislative initiative might more detrimental to the industry of pubs. Labor party has proposed to introduce total ban on the smoking in pubs, though it is still a proposal and is widely debated. In current edition of the proposed legislature smoking will be allowed only in those pubs that do not serve the food. One of the impacts is undoubtedly possible negative consequences for the business of the pubs. If this initiative is accepted, the pub industry will have to adapt itself to new environment and devise new ways to lure their steadfast customers. It can do it either by shifting to new pubs that will provide clients with drinks (new strategy should be devised in this case) or by reorganizing its chain of the pubs ( as Wetherspoon is large company it might try to reorganize its chain by establishing two types of the pubs- those which serve the food and those that do not. This reorganization should be based after thorough investigation of geographical and social factors, once the company has obtained a reliable data on where it would be more appropriative to open the pubs mentioned). Economic factors. The UK has one of the most developed economies in the world, with the annual growth rate of 1.7% percent in 2005. (Prediction). The GNP per capita is one of the highest in the world; it is one of the most important factors as it means high purchasing power of Britons, who enjoy going out and currently have less time, possibilities and inclinations to cook meal at home. Strong economy also means the possibility for expansions on the market and provides the company with stable environment to plan...Economic factors. The UK has one of the most developed economies in the world, with the annual growth rate of 1.7% percent in 2005. (Prediction). The GNP per capita is one of the highest in the world; it is one of the most important factors as it means high purchasing power of Britons, who enjoy going out and currently have less time, possibilities and inclinations to cook meal at home. Strong economy also means the possibility for expansions on the market and provides the company with stable environment to plan its future operations. Several import restrictions on the technological equipments or raw materials used in the production of the beer, might hamper the development of the industry. The industry might also suffer from low import duties on alcoholic drinks, which encourage customers to purchase the drink abroad. Social factors. Several social factors such as late marriage, increasing number of divorces and growing number of persons with high incomes as well as more hours spent at the workplace might influence the business of the pub industry. More and more people prefer to go out to dine at the pubs; the majority of them simply do not have enough time to cook the meals at home. That is why the company should study these factors thoroughly in order to understand what forces are driving people to dine out. There are no grounds to expect any technological innovations or breakthrough in the industry in the nearest future, neither there is a possibility for the breakthrough in the long-term.

Tax systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tax systems - Essay Example Indirect taxation leads to income effect. Income effect occurs when people find that they have surplus money and therefore their demand for goods and services increase. In case of no tax levied people after earning certain amount of income will start preferring leisure over work. Since indirect taxation increases the prices of goods and services people will have to work harder to keep up their standard of living and will have to earn more income to buy the same â€Å"basket† of goods that they were buying before and this will lead to more working hours in the economy. In this case, increase in taxation would result in increase in incentives for people to work hard and to expend more effort.ii) Regressive Taxation system is one where rich people pay lesser proportion of their income as tax than the poorer people. For example, a flat tax of $5 would make a higher proportion for someone earning $100/month than someone earning $200/month. For someone earning $100/month it would be 5%, whereas for the other guy it would be 2.5%. This kind of tax system is normally regressive and usually indirect taxation is regressive. On the other hand progressive system is one where rich people pay higher tax than the poor people. Income tax is usually progressive as it takes into account the income of people. Regressive taxation can be an incentive for people to work hard and earn more money, whereas as progressive systems can be a disincentiveSince regressive system leads to same amount of tax in absolute terms for both rich and poor., any additional work or money earned by poor people would reduce their proportion of income as tax. This makes people work harder to nullify the effects of regressive tax. For example, if someone is earning $100 and he knows that he will have to pay $5 in taxes every time irrespective of his income. He would try to increase his income to $105 to nullify the effects of the tax. This increase in income for $100 to $105 will increase his dispos able income after tax from $95 to $100. The person by earning more would be $5 richer. Hence, regressive tax system encourages increase in effort. People work harder to increase their disposable income to improve their standard of living. Progressive system can be a disincentive to work harder. Since, progressive tax increases with the additional income earned, many people would be put off from working harder as they will think that any increase in

Abuse of power by political leaders in africa Essay

Abuse of power by political leaders in africa - Essay Example In a military coup, he removed the president from power and took over the rule of the country. He abused the power and used it solely to his advantage (McDonnell, 2007). His rule witnessed horrendous brutality in which more than two hundred thousand people were killed just because they opposed his political leadership. The only motive behind these killings was to prolong his rule and the only way to do this was to kill anyone who would raise any voice against him. Not only the common people but judges, lawyers, people from the press, students or anyone who tried to question his power were killed (Melady & Melady, 1977). Only Uganda has not been such a state where political leadership has abused the power. The uprisings and increasing state violence in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya indicate that the people are not happy with their rulers (Herbst, 2000). The common citizen is denied justice, women are not given their respective rights and freedom of expression is not appreciated by these ru lers. During the recent uprising in Egypt, even the internet was banned for five days making the citizens devoid of any means of communication (Moe, 2011). Citizens cannot engage in productive work if they are denied such basic rights. A common man spends more time worrying about the security of his home and family than on his work. The nationals of these countries try to flee from their own homelands. As a result, the society and the economy both suffer simultaneously.

Crim discus unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crim discus unit4 - Essay Example Edwards F.3 d 117 C. A.8 (mo)1998 (McGraw 2011,para 2). The U.S Circuit Appeal Court upholds the conviction and finds that the District Court did not error in finding the accused guilty. I agree with the innocence project comments because the process of the Court of Appeal errors in stating the facts. The court of appeal misstates that the defendants where first prosecutors suspect while the defendants got arrested after eight (8) years. Secondly, the Court admits evidence of past theft from the Construction Company while there is evidence that nothing got stolen from the site. I agree with the opinion of J O’Connor’s in the case of Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S 343 (2003) (Find Law, 3012, par. 4) that Virginia cross-burning statute, is unconstitutional. The statute provides that, the intention of a person to burn or cross other’s property should be to intimidate. J O’Connor held that some cross burnings area political expression. I disagree with the dissent that the Virginia Statute is Constitutional. The First Amendment of the U.S.A constitution prohibits the making of any law that impedes freedom of religion and infringes the freedom of the press. The freedom is not absolute States can ban expression amounting to threats and unlawful expressions such as pornography. The Virginia statute generalizes burning a cross on others property to be evidence of intimidating hence violating the room for political expression. Therefore, for the statute to declare every burning a cross unlawful and by placing the burden to proof on the defendant remains misplaced and

Husayn-McMahon Essay Example for Free

Husayn-McMahon Essay McMahon-Hussein Correspondence refers to an exchange of letters between Sharif Husayn Ibn Ali of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon of Britain detailing the future of the Arab world in the face of a possible annexation by the Ottoman Turks. The background to this communication can be traced to early 1914 when Sharif Husayn’s son, Amir, paid a visit to the then British Consular in Egypt, Lord Kitchener, seeking British assurance that they would offer their support incase Arabs opted to revolt against Turkey. While at first Kitchner was reluctant to make any commitment, his successor in the region, McMahon, upon sensing the dwindling British fortunes in the Middle East, made hefty promises to garner the Arabs support during the First World War. It is during this period that McMahon would initiate correspondence with Husayn. The Husayn family emerged to be an influential force in the Middle East as it lay claim to be the descendant of Muhammad and held the mantle leadership of a number of kingdoms in the region (Daly 215). The issue of McMahon-Hussein correspondence has emerged highly controversial and is held to be at the core of the crisis in the Middle East. It is regarded as an important correspondence by the Palestinians as it was seen as a commitment by the British of granting them independence. In these series of letters, Husayn had asked for Arabs independence, he outlined these areas to be the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine and Iraq amongst others. McMahon on the other hand made a commitment to ensure the independence of a number of territories which would not damage the existing cordial relations with France. Arabs in the Middle East have maintained that British had promised independence to the Palestinians; on the other hand, Britain claims that this was merely a declaration of intent that was not legally binding and cannot be used to lay claim of independence to the Palestinians (Mack 123).

Necessity is the mother of invention Essay Example for Free

Necessity is the mother of invention Essay Introduction Rationale This research topic necessity is the mother of invention. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and technological experiment. was chosen for studying in the area of informatics study. However, the research topic was seemed to be in the philosophical term to understand the basic need of technology more than the informatics subject, which deals with creating and developing of computer study. So that this topic needed past experience and historical background to be evaluated, but didnt need much in education background because the topic wasnt related to the theory or language of computer study. The topic in this area was very interested for future study because it could helps in understanding and forecasting the need of society need when developing or creating new technology or inventions which lead to the success in business. These are the fact of this chosen topic. The analysis of the research topic The research question is Necessity is the mother of invention. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and technological experimentation. The key words that show the content of the question are Necessity is the mother of invention. The relationship of this question is to show the relation between necessity and invention that necessity is the cause of the invention or not. The requirement of the question is to prove the relationship between necessity and invention by evaluates the statement according to scientific and technological experiment. The proposes of the thesis are to show that to what extent does necessity be the mother of invention and to evaluate according to scientific and technological experimentation. Three areas were analyzed during the study. These three areas, which are communication, industry, and medicine, were studied in the area that involve in scientific and technological experimentation. The communication was studied to understand its necessity and invention of the present. The industry was studied to analyze the situation of necessity in the economical competition,  which lead to the use of invention. The medicine was studied to show why it is very necessary to human life and what are the alternative inventions that come after. So all evidences were collected to support the thesis of the research question and its purposes that the study defends an argument on the proving of the necessity that lead to the invention. The diagram on the next page shows the structure of the analysis of the research topic. Data Collection The Research Method The research was carried out in three steps. The first step was to understand the research topic by searching for definition, background history, and general information from the source books and journal articles. Then all the information was evaluated to find out which areas are mostly involved in the research topic and range, which is the scientific and technological experimentation. The second step was the collection of data to find the relevant information. The information was analyzed according to the relevancy to the research area, the objectivity of the author, and the period spent on collecting of the data. Then third step, the limitation of the information will be analysis on the certain aspects of the topic areas of the scientific and technological experimentation. Therefore, the research will focus only the necessity and invention in the areas of scientific and technological experimentation. Most of the sources that use in the research were some kinds of business and socia l case study such as Cleft palate case in the medicine study(Singer and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2161-2230). Annotated Bibliography Cotterell, A. (1988). An overview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology. In A. Cotterell, Advanced Information Technology in the New Industrial Society (pp.1-27). New York: Oxford University Press. Written for expert manager who involve in information technology that want to find out which technologies are matched for their business  area. This chapter describe about new technologies that involves in industry and focus on future technology. The improvements of communication and computer storage are used to compare in industry area to explain how necessity are they. Also, this chapter explains the expert system in new technology to shown that new technologies have invented new ideas in the industry. Fuglsang L. (1993). The soft information technologies and its critics: the risk of wild policy making in science and technology. In L. Fuglsang, Technology and New Institution (pp.54-96). Denmark: Copenhagen. Written for computer managers that involve in information system research and development of technology in future research. These chapter focuses on what invention creates by the risks which cause when new science and technology are emerging while old are crisis. The history of technology over 50 years is used to prove that risks cause necessity to create invention of new technology. Hall, B.J. (2000). Use of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: Was invention the mother of necessity? Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(19), 2577-2578. This article has been written for doctor and hospital that involve in surgery area. This article discusses two studies regarding the use of pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation. The use of pulmonary artery catheters is necessary for the medicals and surgical intensive units (ICUs). It helps to manage critically ill patients. Singer, S., Bergthold L. (2001). Cosmetic vs. reconstructive surgery for cleft palate: A window into medical necessity debate. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(17), 2162-2203. This article has been written for doctor in plastic surgery and people who interest in cosmetic surgery. Medical necessity is a term that  used in most commercial health plan to create invention. This article is focus about plastic surgery for a cleft palate, and the debate about whether the surgery is cosmetic or reconstructive. But because of medical necessity can mean different things to different people and organization, so it could be both general meaning. Stewart, J. (1992). Technological change and industrial location. In J. Stewart, The Management of Science and Technology (pp.110-192). Denmark: The Australian National University. This book has been written for educator and manager that involve in information technology and works on the productive area of research. This chapter focus on Just-in-Time system, which is the new industry system that create by the competition in the world economic. Because of competition in the market industrial investment, the Just-in-Time system is used to because it is necessary to control cost and increase profit. Tate, A. N., Clayton B.S. Gourley K.G. (2001). Development and implementation of a managed care rotation in medical necessity review: Exposing students to new opportunities. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Education, 65(3), 261-307. The purpose of this journal is for fourth-year PHD students to design a rotation in managed care through medical necessity review. The rotation involved working with the Tennessee department of Healths TennCare Appeals Units. It shows how the impact of pharmacists can have on patients lives. They claim by using professional development experience to show the advantage of utilizing pharmacists. The Literature Review The five articles that are reviewed focus mainly on scientific and technological experiments, which separate into three major areas. These three areas are communication, industry, and medicine. The writers s attitude toward the study of information technology and science, which are  used in society, raised a very detailed discussion and neatly analysis on the proving of necessity as mother of invention. The sub-topics in each area contain important information involve in necessity of both individual and social points of view. Evidence is provided completely from all sources and can accurately be used to prove that necessity is the mother of invention as reasons and evidences. The purpose of the review is to make a clearly analysis on these six articles toward similarities and differences in their areas. The first article, an overview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology by Arthur Cotterell, mostly represents in the area of communication. In this article, he discusses that the communication is important to the future of society. Cotterell compares the different between old and new mediums of communication, which lead to the social necessity. He explained the medium clearly in details and supported by using a city named Swindon (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), which wildly use fiber optic (medium) as his evidence. The successful of the fiber optic is picked up to prove his documents. In the second article by Jenny Stewart, Technological change and industrial location, represents in industry area, which focus mainly in competition in market industry investment and scarcity of natural resource for industrial manufacturing. She points and explains the effect of competition and scarcity lead to the change of new system. The Just-In-Time (JIT) system, which is a new information system, is used to compare how efficiency it is with the old system. This system is the very successful system that helps reduce and eliminate cost, waste, and speed in production. She analyse automotive industry in Australia, which success in this system, as her evidence. The smaller, more technological advanced players, and accurate in the industry is the main point of the invention in this article. The third article, which is written by Fuglsang, in the article, he expresses the meaning specifically of how and why invention is created (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). The main point of his article is to show that when the time is running and population is increasing, they cause the old invention to become crisis and it is necessary to invent something new to replace the old. This article can be used as theory and reason to explain and clearly support all three areas of communication, industry, and  medicine. The phases of invention development are used to show the steps of scientific and technological improvement. In each phase provide the evidence of the development of invention clearly since past fifty years when a manual turning-machine was created to the automatic machine are used. He also supports his evidence by using the development of American technology. He mentions that the growing application of new technologies in society creates a need, so it is very important to studies more about technology network in political process. The forth article written by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they mainly represents in the area of medicine. This article focuses on medical necessity by compare the different between cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. They support the document that medical necessity in the area of surgery is really necessity by using health plans (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). This health plans is medical necessity standard that use permanently all over t he world. They also comment generally that social viewing among medical necessity in surgery is also included in some case. The case of a cleft palate patient is used to analysis and discusses the different between cosmetic and reconstructive case. Then they argue and support that medical necessity determinations involving the condition that proven to be especially problematic not self-desirable. The fifth article written by Jesse B. Hall, Use of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: Was invention the mother of necessity? the article show that pulmonary artery catheters is necessary to most patients that involve in heart, lung, and blood problems. He analysed this technology from 10217 patients in 34 medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) in 1998. According to Hall, the pulmonary artery is used in the case that no medicine can used to cure the sickness. He suggests that this invention still has high risk, so this is very necessary to improve this invention to help critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation. All issues in five sources, which written by Arthur Cotterell, Jenny Stewart, Fuglsang, Jesse B. Hall and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, are considered very important to show the audience the historical and current significance of continuity about necessity as mother of invention in the term of scientific and technological experiment. This is because when the old  invention is considered as the necessity for the future improvement, the continuing improvement to the new invention will be created. Arthur Cotterell writes about the use of communication medium during the past 10 years until the use of new medium today (Cotterell, 1988, p.26). His examples of twisted pair and fiber optic cable show the fact that the why the increase of performance of new medium are used by the change in society. It shows the audience clearly the distance between time in the past and present of social necessity. This article also talks about the rapidly increases of necessity which lead to the improvem ent of new medium in the future continuously. In the issue of Jenny Stewart and Fuglsang have the similar area in the industry that also express the same meaning of need in the industry. Jenny Stewart shows the change in industry system by using automotive industry in Australia since 1990 (Stewart, 1992, p.124). Fuglsang shows the rationalization phase (Fuglsang, 1993, p.56), which is one of 4, phases in technological invention development. This phase analyses from the past 50 years of the development. Both Jenny Stewart and Fuglsangs article shows the change in the industry, which involves in commercial interests and competition. This article helps to show the link between competition and tutorial in the industry, which leads to the use of the new invention. In the rest of the issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold are involved in medicine area that involve in the surgery. Jesse B. Hall talks about the result of the use of pulmonary artery catheter (Hall, 2000, pp.2577-2578). This result shows the need of cosmetic surgery among the people who have problem of the natural disable of the body and also explain the use of the invention to help solve the problem. Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold article also help to shows that since from the past the meaning of medical necessity is mean only reconstruction to the normal state of patients. Both issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold come form the different medical case but they have similar thesis, which are medical necessity that lead to the invention of new medical invention. All the writers come from the different areas but they have the same meaning of their issues that the continuing of the time lead to the increase of need of invention in both new and improvement. So that their issues are strongly support the statement that necessity creates the invention in the part of science and technological experimentation. There are three articles which surely are the objective of the writers when they present research their research results and evidence to support their arguments because these articles provide complete information and details of the document. The first article, which is objective, by Arthur Cotterell supports and expresses the meaning of his argument clearly by using the complete examples and information of communication mediums (Cotterell, 1988, pp.1-27). He shows the detail number of capacity, speed, range, and material made in each medium sample clearly. He also compares the different in each medium by mathematical calculation. This helps audience to easily understand the different even technical term. The second article, which is objective, from Fuglsang is objective because he has the acknowledgment from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). His article and support evidences come from the case studies in Denmark, US, and Sweden. Th ey are emphasis and detail clearly on the influence of culture, organizational choices and institutional concerns through research. The third article, which is objective, from Jenny Stewart is objective because her argument and sources come from the federalism research centre (Stewart, 1992, pp.110-192). She provides the information clearly in the example of automotive industry in Australia in percentage of profit, time, competitor, and increase of product output. The other two articles from Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall are not objective because they provide the information too general. It is general because the information they provide is not specific in number of result from the succession in medical treatment. Both of them show only the result from the invention by using only reasons, causes and effects after treatment (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, 2162-2203). This is because most of the article is the summary of the result of the cleft palate research, so that they just mention about the need and future development, which result from the succession of cleft palate surgery. Although they dont provide completely information, the area that they work is in medicine area, which concentrates only the result of necessity. So that their article can express their main ideas easy and clearly understand by using reason, cause, and effect documents. By compare all the articles which each others, the information that provided by the authors are enough to support the necessity of  invention by using their specific details and information, research, reasons, causes, and effects. Their sources are considered as essential in comparative and explaining the necessity as mother of information in scientific and technological experiment. The interpretation of data is clearly in all five sources because all data can be analyse to evaluate the need of the research topic in relation to scientific and technological experiment easily. The relationship between the necessity and the invention is linked in clearly understand. There are three different ways in their interpretation of data. The first way is represented by the article of Arthur Cotterell. He interprets his information by explain the detail of old communication medium and new communication medium in technical term and estimated calculation of speed, capacity, and range. For example, he explains that twisted-pair could carry 10Khz but if compare with fiber optic (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), fiber optic is faster than twisted-pair million times. He also clarifies the use of fiber optic that it uses in linking between two or more networks and twisted-pair uses in local phone line. The second way is represented by Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart. They interpret their sources by using the result of the time in the industrial development. They show the change and need since from the past and result of it in the present. The time between standardization and rationalization is used by the author to show the relation of the improvement of the invention from first creation to the first development (Fuglsang, 1993, 56-56). The third way is represented by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall. They interpret their sources by using the result of their information, which is the specific in medication. They summarize the result of medication from the patient and use it to support their argument. The research result of the patient in a cleft palate case is used to analysis the term of medical necessity in the surgery area of medicine. The result after the surgery is used to compare that the surgery is reconstructive surgery not cosmetic surgery. In comparison of all the writers, they interpret all data clearly. All the data are separated into three areas, which Arthur Cotterell is in communication area, Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart are in Industry area, and Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Hall are in medicine area. There interpretation of data can support each others and express their  understanding in analyse that necessity as mother of invention clearly. There are three articles that are conducted the research thoroughly in order to prove the points by the writers. The complete research could help the claim of research topic to become more strong and reliable without being counter by other argument. Arthur Cotterell, Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart are the writers who do their research thoroughly. Arthur Cotterell researches neatly on the information system research, which express all the meaning, material used, quality, and performance of each medium between communications clearly (Cotterell, 1988, p.15-27). He use a city name Swindon to do his research. This city is widely use in fiber optic and coaxial cable to link between communication which mean that it is a very efficiency sources to use on communication research. Singer S. and Linda Bergthold research on the medical necessity on surgery course. They use a patient who was born with cleft palate problem as their research (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2162-218 0). They clearly research on the result before and after that patient take the surgery. They also research on the health plan of the medical standard and analyse it with medical theory as the reconstructive medication. Jenny Stewart researches on the Australia industry. She finds out that the reasons of necessity in industry come from the competition, which lead to the need of more flexible, fast, and efficiency technology(Stewart, 1992, p.124-192). This led her to find out the new system, Just-in-Time system, and research it on the Australia automotive industry. She has the result of how efficiency and profitability it is. The other sources from Fuglsang and Jesse B. Hall are not researched thoroughly because they get the information from general source directly without fully detail. Fuglsang picks up the history to speak to support the argument but the detail on his suggestion seem not clear on details and analysis. From Arthur Cotterell, Singer S., and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart research, they are very to understand their point of view from their research and directly connect audience to the understanding. The clearly details and information of their research link their ideas to the necessity as mother of invention in the scientific and technological experiment. From five sources, there are four sources that provide practical and  realistic suggestion by the writers. The practical and realistic of suggestion can help the article to become more clear and ease of understanding. First is Jenney Stewart, she suggests that future of the industry needs smaller, more technological advanced players, and accuracy (Stewart, 1992, p.125). The writer suggestion shows that her study is very important to the use of technology for the future use. Her suggestion is proved by her comparative of old technology and new technology that show the change of size, quality, quantity, and speed. Second is Arthur Cotterell, he suggested that by the help of computer-aided design would help to avoid a lot of tentative material cutting. The writer suggestion shows that his study is very important for the industry to increase their performance of the system. This is very useful in showing the relationship between necessity and invention. Third is Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they suggest that cosmetic or treatments intended primarily to improve appearance is exclude in medical necessity standard (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). The writers suggestions are used for people to understand that the purpose of surgery is different in some case because some case could count as personal desirable such as cosmetic. This shows the relation between medical necessity and invention clearly. They support their suggestion by evaluate the cleft palate in the medical necessity term and health plans. Forth is Fuglsang, he suggests that the growing application of new technologies in society creates a need to assign a more offensive and organized role to technology studies networks in the political process. This suggestion shows that his detail on study is very important for who is interested in technological development. The writer proves his suggestion by evaluate and show the need over past 50 years of the development of information and communication technologies in four phases (Fuglsang, 1993, p.55-58). From all the suggestion of all writers could help the audience to know what are the main interests in on the articles of the writers, which are very useful. There is no surely use of expert opinion from all the writers. They havent pick up any expert opinion but they adapt to use another people and place from other sources as their expert opinion. The expert opinion on the article of Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold is not mentioned clearly. They  use the term physician as their expert opinion to help support their argument in consider appropriate medication for a patient, such as treatment intended primarily to improve appearance. As same as Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, Jenny Stewart doesnt use expert opinion but she uses other opinion, Lamming (1998), who is one from her source. Lamming talks about the industry remaining effectively in stress period. This opinion helps audience understand the best period of industry development. In the article of Fuglsang L., this writer use Sloth Andersen and Slavo Radosevic, who are not mention clearly who are they, as the expert opinion. They talk about an innovation forum, which help to support the writer about the change of technology during a century so that the view of technological change would be see as the important to the new invention. The rest of the writers do not have any expert opinion to support their argument. But in the case of their writing, the support of expert opinion is not important because the evidences and examples are enough to call as expert opinion in the case of science and technological experiment. In conclusion, all of the five articles are clearly review, analyse, and can be reliable. All the sources talks in the areas of communication, industry, and medicine by using variety of evidence and alternative ways of using expert opinion. The objectivity of each writers are confirm in all sources and the interpretation are very clear. The thoroughness of treatment of the subject matter could confidentially be used from the analysis. Each suggestion from all writers are mentioned mostly point to the future use and analysis. For further research the study of more variety of necessity in creating invention must be more research and study to express their meaning widely in different area. This could help to look and analysis more widely in today and future development of invention. But the main point of all reviews is to find out the best ways to the result of successful future. The Limitations of research This research limited by certain factors. The research was limited by some limitations of the topic. The personal factor was caused by the research topic is not directly related to the past experience and educational  background but mostly related to the philosophical area which is not computer study. This caused the lack of some specific or direct information that could help analyze the topic more efficiency. Another reason is the topic question is some kind of question that can answer in two ways that people could agree and disagree depends one the personal opinion so that the degree of the answer to the question is not strong enough. This caused some part of the argument easy to be counter by some situation in both side of agree and disagree. The suggestions for future study The problems of limitation of research need some suggestions to be made for future study. Firstly to solve the problem of lacking in specific education background, this research needs the specific education of philosophy and psychology to help provide more specific and strong supported information for the term of human necessity. This can help to improve the supported argument of the essay to become more reliable. This future study can do by focus on the continuous of inventions in each area in term of psychology, which will be very helpful in this research. The research doesnt need to find out the started point or the first creation of the invention because this essay was only focusing in present invention. Second future study is by searching more support from the expert opinion to help solve the limitation of unstable argument due to the meaning of research topic, which is too wide in general. The more researched findings of supported expert opinions can strongly help to support the argument and make the research become more reliable. This could be done by focus on the expert opinions that involve in the succession in each area of industry, medicine, and communication. The success of expert opinions is more reliable and couldnt be counter by other argument easily. In conclusion, if all suggestions of future study are completely finished the research will not have any blank spaces to be counter by other counter argument.